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Author |
Bennie, J.; Davies, T.W.; Cruse, D.; Gaston, K.J. |
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Title |
Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Ecol |
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Volume |
104 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
611-620 |
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Keywords |
Plants; wild plants; photobiology; Circadian; Ecophysiology; light cycles; light pollution; photoperiodism; photopollution; physiology; sky glow; urban ecology |
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Abstract |
1.Plants use light as a source of both energy and information. Plant physiological responses to light, and interactions between plants and animals (such as herbivory and pollination), have evolved under a more or less stable regime of 24-hour cycles of light and darkness, and, outside of the tropics, seasonal variation in daylength.
2.The rapid spread of outdoor electric lighting across the globe over the past century has caused an unprecedented disruption to these natural light cycles. Artificial light is widespread in the environment, varying in intensity by several orders of magnitude from faint skyglow reflected from distant cities to direct illumination of urban and suburban vegetation.
3.In many cases artificial light in the nighttime environment is sufficiently bright to induce a physiological response in plants, affecting their phenology, growth form and resource allocation. The physiology, behaviour and ecology of herbivores and pollinators is also likely to be impacted by artificial light. Thus, understanding the ecological consequences of artificial light at night is critical to determine the full impact of human activity on ecosystems.
4.Synthesis. Understanding the impacts of artificial nighttime light on wild plants and natural vegetation requires linking the knowledge gained from over a century of experimental research on the impacts of light on plants in the laboratory and greenhouse with knowledge of the intensity, spatial distribution, spectral composition and timing of light in the nighttime environment. To understand fully the extent of these impacts requires conceptual models that can (i) characterise the highly heterogeneous nature of the nighttime light environment at a scale relevant to plant physiology, and (ii) scale physiological responses to predict impacts at the level of the whole plant, population, community and ecosystem. |
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Address |
Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kimgdom; j.j.bennie(at)exeter.ac.uk |
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Publisher |
Wiley |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
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ISSN |
0022-0477 |
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Call Number  |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1350 |
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Author |
Aubé, M.; Kocifaj, M.; Zamorano, J.; Solano Lamphar, H.A.; Sanchez de Miguel, A. |
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Title |
The spectral amplification effect of clouds to the night sky radiance in Madrid |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer |
Abbreviated Journal |
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer |
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Volume |
181 |
Issue |
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Pages |
11-23 |
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Keywords |
Skyglow; Madrid; Spain; Europe; artificial light at night; light pollution; clouds; amplification |
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Abstract |
Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) may have various environmental impacts ranging from compromising the visibility of astronomical objects to the perturbation of circadian cycles in animals and humans. In the past much research has been carried out to study the impact of ALAN on the radiance of the night sky during clear sky conditions. This was mainly justified by the need for a better understanding of the behavior of ALAN propagation into the environment in order to protect world-class astronomical facilities. More recently, alongside to the threat to the natural starry sky, many issues have emerged from the biological science community. It has been shown that, nearby or inside cities, the presence of cloud cover generally acts as an amplifier for artificial sky radiance while clouds behave as attenuators for remote observers. In this paper we show the spectral behavior of the zenith sky radiance amplification factor exerted by clouds inside a city. We compare in-situ measurements made with the spectrometer SAND-4 with a numerical model applied to the specific geographical context of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in Spain. |
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Address |
Cégep de Sherbrooke, 475 rue du Cégep, Sherbrooke, Canada J1E 4K1; aubema(at)gmail.com |
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Elsevier |
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English |
Summary Language |
English |
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0022-4073 |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1351 |
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Author |
Tan, M. |
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Title |
Use of an inside buffer method to extract the extent of urban areas from DMSP/OLS night-time light data in North China |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
GIScience & Remote Sensing |
Abbreviated Journal |
GIScience & Remote Sensing |
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Volume |
53 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
444-458 |
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Keywords |
Remote Sensing; DMSP-OLS; OLS; DMSP; inside buffer model; China; over-glow; urban areas; urban; urbanism |
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Abstract |
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)/Operational Linescan System (OLS) night-time imagery provides a valuable data source for mapping urban areas. However, the spatial extents of large cities are often over-estimated because of the effect of over-glow from night-time light if a fixed thresholding technique is used. In the work reported here, an inside buffer method was developed to solve this issue. The method is based on the fact that the area over-estimated is proportional to the extent of the lit area if a fixed threshold is used to extract urban areas in a region/county. Using this method, the extents of urban areas in North China were extracted and validated by interpretations from Landsat Thematic Mapper images. The results showed that the lit areas had a significant linear relationship with the urban areas for 120 representative cities in North China in 2000, with an R2 value of over 0.95. This demonstrates that the inside buffer method can be used to extract urban areas. The validation results showed that the inside buffer model developed in 2000 can be directly used to extract the extent of urban areas using more recent night-time light imagery. This is of great value for the timely updating of urban area databases in large regions or countries. |
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Address |
Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People’s Republic of China |
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Taylor & Francis |
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English |
Summary Language |
English |
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ISSN |
1548-1603 |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1352 |
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Author |
Kocifaj, M.; Kómar, L. |
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Title |
A role of aerosol particles in forming urban skyglow and skyglow from distant cities |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
MNRAS |
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Volume |
458 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
438-448 |
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Keywords |
Skyglow; scattering; atmospheric effects; artificial light; numerical modeling; GIS-based modeling; light pollution |
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Abstract |
Aerosol particles may represent the largest uncertainty about skyglow change in many locations under clear sky conditions. This is because aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and influence the ground-reaching radiation in different ways depending on their concentrations, origins, shapes, sizes, and compositions. Large particles tend to scatter in Fraunhofer diffraction regime, while small particles can be treated in terms of Rayleigh formalism. However, the role of particle microphysics in forming the skyglow still remains poorly quantified. We have shown in this paper that the chemistry is somehow important for backscattering from large particles that otherwise work as efficient attenuators of light pollution if composed of absorbing materials. The contribution of large particles to the urban skyglow diminishes as they become more spherical in shape. The intensity of backscattering from non-absorbing particles is more-or-less linearly decreasing function of particle radius even if number size distribution is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle radius. This is due to single particle backscattering that generally increases steeply as the particle radius approaches large values. Forward scattering depends on the particle shape but is independent of the material composition, thus allowing for a simplistic analytical model of skyglow from distant cities. The model we have developed is based on mean value theorem for integrals and incorporates the parametrizable Garstang's emission pattern, intensity decay along optical beam path, and near-forward scattering in an atmospheric environment. Such model can be used by modellers and experimentalists for rapid estimation of skyglow from distant light sources. |
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Address |
ICA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Road 9, 845 03 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; kocifaj(at)savba.sk |
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Publisher |
Oxford Journals |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1361 |
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Author |
Kim, Y.J.; Park, M.S.; Lee, E.; Choi, J.W. |
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Title |
High Incidence of Breast Cancer in Light-Polluted Areas with Spatial Effects in Korea |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Asian Pacific Journal for Cancer Prevention |
Abbreviated Journal |
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
361-367 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Light pollution; breast cancer; spatial analysis; intrinsic conditional autoregressive model |
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Abstract |
We have reported a high prevalence of breast cancer in light-polluted areas in Korea. However, it is necessary to analyze the spatial effects of light polluted areas on breast cancer because light pollution levels are correlated with region proximity to central urbanized areas in studied cities. In this study, we applied a spatial regression method (an intrinsic conditional autoregressive [iCAR] model) to analyze the relationship between the incidence of breast cancer and artificial light at night (ALAN) levels in 25 regions including central city, urbanized, and rural areas. By Poisson regression analysis, there was a significant correlation between ALAN, alcohol consumption rates, and the incidence of breast cancer. We also found significant spatial effects between ALAN and the incidence of breast cancer, with an increase in the deviance information criterion (DIC) from 374.3 to 348.6 and an increase in R² from 0.574 to 0.667. Therefore, spatial analysis (an iCAR model) is more appropriate for assessing ALAN effects on breast cancer. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show spatial effects of light pollution on breast cancer, despite the limitations of an ecological study. We suggest that a decrease in ALAN could reduce breast cancer more than expected because of spatial effects. |
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Address |
Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; eunil(at)korea.ac.kr. |
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Publisher |
Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention |
Place of Publication |
Korea |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
English |
Original Title |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1362 |
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