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Author |
Kocifaj, M.; Kómar, L. |
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Title |
A role of aerosol particles in forming urban skyglow and skyglow from distant cities |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
MNRAS |
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Volume |
458 |
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1 |
Pages |
438-448 |
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Keywords |
Skyglow; scattering; atmospheric effects; artificial light; numerical modeling; GIS-based modeling; light pollution |
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Abstract |
Aerosol particles may represent the largest uncertainty about skyglow change in many locations under clear sky conditions. This is because aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and influence the ground-reaching radiation in different ways depending on their concentrations, origins, shapes, sizes, and compositions. Large particles tend to scatter in Fraunhofer diffraction regime, while small particles can be treated in terms of Rayleigh formalism. However, the role of particle microphysics in forming the skyglow still remains poorly quantified. We have shown in this paper that the chemistry is somehow important for backscattering from large particles that otherwise work as efficient attenuators of light pollution if composed of absorbing materials. The contribution of large particles to the urban skyglow diminishes as they become more spherical in shape. The intensity of backscattering from non-absorbing particles is more-or-less linearly decreasing function of particle radius even if number size distribution is inversely proportional to the fourth power of particle radius. This is due to single particle backscattering that generally increases steeply as the particle radius approaches large values. Forward scattering depends on the particle shape but is independent of the material composition, thus allowing for a simplistic analytical model of skyglow from distant cities. The model we have developed is based on mean value theorem for integrals and incorporates the parametrizable Garstang's emission pattern, intensity decay along optical beam path, and near-forward scattering in an atmospheric environment. Such model can be used by modellers and experimentalists for rapid estimation of skyglow from distant light sources. |
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ICA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Road 9, 845 03 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; kocifaj(at)savba.sk |
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Oxford Journals |
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English |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1361 |
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Author |
Kim, Y.J.; Park, M.S.; Lee, E.; Choi, J.W. |
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Title |
High Incidence of Breast Cancer in Light-Polluted Areas with Spatial Effects in Korea |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Asian Pacific Journal for Cancer Prevention |
Abbreviated Journal |
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
361-367 |
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Keywords |
Human Health; Light pollution; breast cancer; spatial analysis; intrinsic conditional autoregressive model |
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Abstract |
We have reported a high prevalence of breast cancer in light-polluted areas in Korea. However, it is necessary to analyze the spatial effects of light polluted areas on breast cancer because light pollution levels are correlated with region proximity to central urbanized areas in studied cities. In this study, we applied a spatial regression method (an intrinsic conditional autoregressive [iCAR] model) to analyze the relationship between the incidence of breast cancer and artificial light at night (ALAN) levels in 25 regions including central city, urbanized, and rural areas. By Poisson regression analysis, there was a significant correlation between ALAN, alcohol consumption rates, and the incidence of breast cancer. We also found significant spatial effects between ALAN and the incidence of breast cancer, with an increase in the deviance information criterion (DIC) from 374.3 to 348.6 and an increase in R² from 0.574 to 0.667. Therefore, spatial analysis (an iCAR model) is more appropriate for assessing ALAN effects on breast cancer. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show spatial effects of light pollution on breast cancer, despite the limitations of an ecological study. We suggest that a decrease in ALAN could reduce breast cancer more than expected because of spatial effects. |
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Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; eunil(at)korea.ac.kr. |
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Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention |
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Korea |
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English |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1362 |
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Tian, J.F.; Deng, L.C.; Zhang, X.B.; Lu, X.-M.; Sun, J.J.; Liu, Q.L.; Zhou, Q.; Yan, Z.Z., Xin, Y.; Wang, K.; Jiang, X.-J.; Luo, Z.Q., Yang, J. |
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Title |
Optical Observing Conditions at Delingha Station |
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Report |
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Year |
2016 |
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n/a |
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n/a |
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n/a |
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n/a |
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Skyglow; China; Tibet; SONG; Delingha; Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; Tibetan Plateau |
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SONG is a global ground based network of 1 meter telescopes for stellar time-domain science, an international collaboration involving many countries across the world. In order to enable a favourable duty cycle, the SONG network plans to create a homogeneous distribution of 4 nodes in each of the northern and southern hemispheres. A natural possibility was building one of the northern nodes in East Asia, preferably on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. During the last decade, a great deal of effort has been invested in searching for high a quality site for ground based astronomy in China, since this has been one of the major concerns for the development of Chinese astronomy. A number of sites on the plateau have been in operation for many years, but most of them are used only for radio astronomy, as well as small optical telescopes for applied astronomy. Several potential sites for large optical instruments have been identified by the plateau site survey, but as yet none of them have been adequately quantitatively characterised. Here we present results from a detailed multi-year study of the Delingha site, which was eventually selected for the SONG-China node. We also describe the site monitoring system that will allow an isolated SONG and 50BiN node to operate safely in an automated mode. |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1391 |
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Author |
Bergs, R. |
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Title |
Exploring the Spatial Economy by Night |
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2016 |
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Economics; DMSP; DMSP-OLS; remote sensing; spatial distribution |
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Night satellite images may offer an interesting tool to generate socio-economically relevant data and to analyse the evolution of space, e.g. cities or rural areas, and how spatial units interact over time. This paper is just an essay with preliminary ideas for discussion; the approach is explorative-methodological rather than one putting an empirical focus on a defined research item. Empirics discussed in this paper are just various examples collected from tinkering.
The DMSP-OLS images and adequate image analysis software such as ImageJ (in some cases to be complemented by further statistics software) provide a useful perspective for the analysis of spatial change. Since there is a stable and significant correlation between social and economic variables (population density, GDP PPP) and luminosity, such image analyses contain important information on spatial economic development. Analysis of night imagery is certainly not adequate to replace the statistical analysis of regional data, but it is a good tool to confirm and illustrate patterns of spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence over time. |
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PRAC – Bergs & Issa Partnership Co., Bad Soden, Germany |
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English |
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Planung & Forschung Spolicy Research & Consultancy Discussion Paper Series |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1392 |
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Author |
Rowse, E.G.; Harris, S.; Jones, G. |
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Title |
The Switch from Low-Pressure Sodium to Light Emitting Diodes Does Not Affect Bat Activity at Street Lights |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
PloS one |
Abbreviated Journal |
PLoS One |
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11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e0150884 |
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Animals; bats; England; United Kingdom; low-pressure sodium; LPS; LED; LED lighting; ecology; urban ecology; Feeding Behavior |
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We used a before-after-control-impact paired design to examine the effects of a switch from low-pressure sodium (LPS) to light emitting diode (LED) street lights on bat activity at twelve sites across southern England. LED lights produce broad spectrum 'white' light compared to LPS street lights that emit narrow spectrum, orange light. These spectral differences could influence the abundance of insects at street lights and thereby the activity of the bats that prey on them. Most of the bats flying around the LPS lights were aerial-hawking species, and the species composition of bats remained the same after the switch-over to LED. We found that the switch-over from LPS to LED street lights did not affect the activity (number of bat passes), or the proportion of passes containing feeding buzzes, of those bat species typically found in close proximity to street lights in suburban environments in Britain. This is encouraging from a conservation perspective as many existing street lights are being, or have been, switched to LED before the ecological consequences have been assessed. However, lighting of all spectra studied to date generally has a negative impact on several slow-flying bat species, and LED lights are rarely frequented by these 'light-intolerant' bat species. |
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School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom; liz.rowse(at)bristol.ac.uk |
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PLOS |
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English |
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1932-6203 |
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PMID:27008274 |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1403 |
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