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Author |
Dominoni, D.M.; Borniger, J.C.; Nelson, R.J. |
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Title |
Light at night, clocks and health: from humans to wild organisms |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Biology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Lett |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages  |
20160015 |
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Keywords |
Commentary; Ecology |
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Abstract |
The increasing use of electric lights has modified the natural light environment dramatically, posing novel challenges to both humans and wildlife. Indeed, several biomedical studies have linked artificial light at night to the disruption of circadian rhythms, with important consequences for human health, such as the increasing occurrence of metabolic syndromes, cancer and reduced immunity. In wild animals, light pollution is associated with changes in circadian behaviour, reproduction and predator-prey interactions, but we know little about the underlying physiological mechanisms and whether wild species suffer the same health problems as humans. In order to fill this gap, we advocate the need for integrating ecological studies in the field, with chronobiological approaches to identify and characterize pathways that may link temporal disruption caused by light at night and potential health and fitness consequences. |
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Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA |
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1744-9561 |
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PMID:26888917 |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1360 |
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Author |
Altermatt, F.; Ebert, D. |
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Title |
Reduced flight-to-light behaviour of moth populations exposed to long-term urban light pollution |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Biology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Lett |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
20160111 |
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Keywords |
Lepidoptera; Yponomeuta; adaptation; environmental change; natural selection |
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Abstract |
The globally increasing light pollution is a well-recognized threat to ecosystems, with negative effects on human, animal and plant wellbeing. The most well-known and widely documented consequence of light pollution is the generally fatal attraction of nocturnal insects to artificial light sources. However, the evolutionary consequences are unknown. Here we report that moth populations from urban areas with high, globally relevant levels of light pollution over several decades show a significantly reduced flight-to-light behaviour compared with populations of the same species from pristine dark-sky habitats. Using a common garden setting, we reared moths from 10 different populations from early-instar larvae and experimentally compared their flight-to-light behaviour under standardized conditions. Moths from urban populations had a significant reduction in the flight-to-light behaviour compared with pristine populations. The reduced attraction to light sources of 'city moths' may directly increase these individuals' survival and reproduction. We anticipate that it comes with a reduced mobility, which negatively affects foraging as well as colonization ability. As nocturnal insects are of eminent significance as pollinators and the primary food source of many vertebrates, an evolutionary change of the flight-to-light behaviour thereby potentially cascades across species interaction networks. |
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Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland |
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1744-9561 |
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PMID:27072407 |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1420 |
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Author |
Weidmann, N.; Schutte, S. |
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Title |
Using night light emissions for the prediction of local wealth |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Journal of Peace Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Peace Res |
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Pages |
0022343316630359 |
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Keywords |
Economics; remote sensing; night lights; spatial prediction |
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Nighttime illumination can serve as a proxy for economic variables in particular in developing countries, where data are often not available or of poor quality. Existing research has demonstrated this for coarse levels of analytical resolution, such as countries, administrative units or large grid cells. In this article, we conduct the first fine-grained analysis of night lights and wealth in developing countries. The use of large-scale, geo-referenced data from the Demographic and Health Surveys allows us to cover 39 less developed, mostly non-democratic countries with a total sample of more than 34,000 observations at the level of villages or neighborhoods. We show that light emissions are highly accurate predictors of economic wealth estimates even with simple statistical models, both when predicting new locations in a known country and when generating predictions for previously unobserved countries. |
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Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz, Germany; nils.weidmann(at)uni-konstanz.de |
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SAGE |
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English |
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English |
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no |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
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1474 |
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Author |
Obayashi, K.; Saeki, K.; Kurumatani, N. |
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Title |
Ambient Light Exposure and Changes in Obesity Parameters: A Longitudinal Study of the HEIJO-KYO Cohort |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab |
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Pages |
jc20154123 |
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Keywords |
Human Health |
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CONTEXT: Previous epidemiological studies have suggested an association between nighttime light levels and the prevalence of obesity, although evidence is limited to cross-sectional studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the longitudinal association between ambient light exposure and the subsequent changes in obesity parameters. DESIGN AND PARTCIPANTS: Data from 1,110 elderly participants at baseline (mean age, 71.9 years) and data from 766 at follow-up (median, 21 months) were included in this prospective population-based study. MEASURES: Time-dependent ambient light exposure based on objective measurements and changes in the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) were measured. RESULTS: Multivariable mixed-effect linear regression models showed a significant association between light exposure and the %WHtR gain; this was independent of potential confounders (e.g., caloric intake, physical activity, and sleep/wake parameters). Nighttime or evening exposure to higher light intensity was significantly associated with subsequent %WHtR gain. Morning exposure to a longer time >/=500 lux or nighttime exposure to a longer time <3 lux was significantly associated with subsequent %WHtR loss. These association trends were nearly consistent when the BMI was used as an obesity parameter. Increased nighttime light exposure (mean >/=3 vs. <3 lux) was estimated to correspond to a 10.2% WHtR gain and 10.0% increase in BMI over 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Ambient light exposure, such as increased nighttime or evening light exposure and decreased morning light exposure, was independently associated with subsequent increases in obesity parameters. Further interventional studies are warranted to establish an optimal controlled lighting environment as a preventive option against obesity. |
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Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan |
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0021-972X |
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Notes |
PMID:27383113 |
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no |
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Call Number |
LoNNe @ kyba @ |
Serial |
1483 |
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Author |
Hyari, K.H.; Khelifi, A.; Katkhuda, H. |
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Title |
Multiobjective Optimization of Roadway Lighting Projects |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Journal of Transportation Engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Transp. Eng. |
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Pages |
04016024 |
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Keywords |
Lighting; multiobjective optimization; traffic safety; road safety; lighting design; uniformity; genetic algorithm |
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Abstract |
Roadway lighting systems play a major role in maintaining nighttime traffic safety as they reduce both the number and severity of nighttime traffic accidents. While the design of roadway lighting systems involves multiple objectives, past studies have focused on optimizing only one of the multiple objectives that should be considered. This paper presents a multiobjective optimization model for roadway lighting projects that simultaneously optimizes four design objectives. The incorporated objectives are (1) maximizing the average lighting level on the road surface; (2) maximizing the lighting uniformity along the roadway; (3) minimizing the glare to road users produced by the lighting system; and (4) minimizing the cost of operating the lighting system. The model is designed and developed as a multiobjective genetic algorithm to help decision-makers in their endeavor to provide efficient roadway lighting systems that strike a balance between the four conflicting objectives. The present model considers the following six design variables: type of lighting fixture, mounting height, spacing, fixture offset, fixture’s inclination, and fixture’s rotation angle. An application example is analyzed in this paper to clarify the use of the model and display its significant features in producing better lighting arrangements for roadways. |
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Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hashemite Univ., P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan; hyari(at)hu.edu.jo |
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ASCE |
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English |
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English |
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0733-947X |
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Call Number |
IDA @ john @ |
Serial |
1405 |
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