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Sharma, R.C.; Tateishi, R.; Hara, K.; Gharechelou, S.; Iizuka, K. |
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Title |
Global mapping of urban built-up areas of year 2014 by combining MODIS multispectral data with VIIRS nighttime light data |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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International Journal of Digital Earth |
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International Journal of Digital Earth |
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1-17 |
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Remote Sensing |
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An improved methodology for the extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas at a global scale is presented in this study. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based multispectral data were combined with the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)-based nighttime light (NTL) data for robust extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas. The MODIS-based newly proposed Urban Built-up Index (UBI) was combined with NTL data, and the resulting Enhanced UBI (EUBI) was used as a single master image for global extraction of urban built-up areas. Due to higher variation of the EUBI with respect to geographical regions, a region-specific threshold approach was used to extract urban built-up areas. This research provided 500-m-resolution global urban built-up map of year 2014. The resulted map was compared with three existing moderate-resolution global maps and one high-resolution map in the United States. The comparative analysis demonstrated finer details of the urban built-up cover estimated by the resultant map. |
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1753-8947 |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1423 |
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Author |
Yang, Y.; Yu, Y.; Yang, B.; Zhou, H.; Pan, J. |
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Title |
Physiological responses to daily light exposure |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
Publication |
Scientific Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Rep |
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6 |
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24808 |
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Keywords |
Animals |
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Long daylength artificial light exposure associates with disorders, and a potential physiological mechanism has been proposed. However, previous studies have examined no more than three artificial light treatments and limited metabolic parameters, which have been insufficient to demonstrate mechanical responses. Here, comprehensive physiological response curves were established and the physiological mechanism was strengthened. Chicks were illuminated for 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, or 22 h periods each day. A quadratic relationship between abdominal adipose weight (AAW) and light period suggested that long-term or short-term light exposure could decrease the amount of AAW. Quantitative relationships between physiological parameters and daily light period were also established in this study. The relationships between triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), phosphorus (P) levels and daily light period could be described by quadratic regression models. TG levels, AAW, and BW positively correlated with each other, suggesting long-term light exposure significantly increased AAW by increasing TG thus resulting in greater BW. A positive correlation between blood triiodothyronine (T3) levels and BW suggested that daily long-term light exposure increased BW by thyroid hormone secretion. Though the molecular pathway remains unknown, these results suggest a comprehensive physiological mechanism through which light exposure affects growth. |
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College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China |
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2045-2322 |
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PMID:27098210 |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1424 |
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Seltmann, S.; Trost, L.; Ter Maat, A.; Gahr, M. |
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Natural melatonin fluctuation and its minimally invasive simulation in the zebra finch |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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PeerJ |
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4 |
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e1939 |
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Animals |
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Melatonin is a key hormone in the regulation of circadian rhythms of vertebrates, including songbirds. Understanding diurnal melatonin fluctuations and being able to reverse or simulate natural melatonin levels are critical to investigating the influence of melatonin on various behaviors such as singing in birds. Here we give a detailed overview of natural fluctuations in plasma melatonin concentration throughout the night in the zebra finch. As shown in previous studies, we confirm that “lights off†initiates melatonin production at night in a natural situation. Notably, we find that melatonin levels return to daytime levels as early as two hours prior to the end of the dark-phase in some individuals and 30 min before “lights on†in all animals, suggesting that the presence of light in the morning is not essential for cessation of melatonin production in zebra finches. Thus, the duration of melatonin production seems not to be specified by the length of night and might therefore be less likely to directly couple circadian and annual rhythms. Additionally, we show that natural melatonin levels can be successfully simulated through a combination of light-treatment (daytime levels during subjective night) and the application of melatonin containing skin-cream (nighttime levels during subjective day). Moreover, natural levels and their fluctuation in the transition from day to night can be imitated, enabling the decoupling of the effects of melatonin, for example on neuronal activity, from sleep and circadian rhythmicity. Taken together, our high-resolution profile of natural melatonin levels and manipulation techniques open up new possibilities to answer various melatonin related questions in songbirds. |
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2167-8359 |
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LoNNe @ kyba @ |
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1425 |
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van Schalkwyk, I.; Venkataraman, N.; Shankar, V.; Milton, J.; Bailey, T.; Calais, K. |
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Title |
Evaluation of the Safety Performance of Continuous Mainline Roadway Lighting on Freeway Segments in Washington State |
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Report |
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2016 |
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Public Safety; traffic; traffic safety; road safety; continuous roadway lighting; Washington; United States |
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Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) evaluated continuous roadway lighting on mainline freeway segments in Washington State. An extensive literature review on the safety performance of roadway lighting was completed. As part of this research effort WSDOT developed multivariate random parameter (RP) models with specific lighting variables for continuous lighting on mainline freeway segments. Roadway lighting is often used as a countermeasure to address nighttime crashes and this research evaluates common assumption related to roadway lighting. The models developed for this research use crashes from the end of civil dusk twilight to the start of civil dawn twilight since lighting systems are of limited value outside these timeframes. Natural light conditions were estimated for crashes based on location and time of the crash event. Based on the RP results, the research team concludes that the contribution of continuous illumination to nighttime crash reduction is negligible. In addition to the findings on safety performance, a pilot LED project on US101 demonstrated that LED roadway lighting can significantly increase energy efficiency and environmental stewardship (e.g., reducing greenhouse gas emissions) while maintaining safety performance outcomes. The research team recommended modification to WSDOT design policy, including removal of the requirement of continuous mainline lighting and reduction of lighting where segment specific analysis indicates appropriate. |
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Washington State Department of Transportation 310 Maple Park Ave SE, Olympia, WA, USA |
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Washington State Department of Transportation |
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English |
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WSDOT Research Report |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1427 |
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Author |
Lucas, M.A.; Chahl, J.S. |
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Title |
Challenges for biomimetic night time sky polarization navigation |
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Conference Article |
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2016 |
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Proceedings of the SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc SPIE |
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9797 |
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Animals; detection of light; biology; polarization; navigation |
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Studies on some species of insects have shown them to use the polarization pattern cast by the moon in the night sky to control heading. Additional heading cues are of value to autonomous systems, since the earth’s magnetic field is not uniform, often not available and is substantially modified by local phenomena. In addition to the required low-light sensitivity of a night time polarization compass, additional complexities caused by the relative intensity of terrestrial sources must be overcome. We will show that the end result will tend to be a less reliable compass than the equivalent day time polarization device. |
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Univ. of South Australia, Australia |
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SPIE |
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English |
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IDA @ john @ |
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1430 |
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